How Income Taxes Work
As we make our way into autumn and winter, our meetings will begin to focus on tax planning. Now this may not be as exciting as football games, apple picking, or sweater weather, but an important topic for everyone to review. Here’s a primer on how income taxes work.
Taxpayers and businesses spend an estimated 6.5 billion hours a year complying with tax-filing requirements, which is worth $364 billion in economic value just to comply with tax regulations.1
As complex as the details of taxes can be, the income tax process is fairly straightforward. However, the majority of Americans would rather not spend time with the process, which explains why almost half hire a tax professional to assist in their annual filing.2
Remember, this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. Please consult your tax professional for specific information regarding your individual return. We’re always happy to work alongside your other trusted advisors.
Getting Started
The tax process starts with income, and generally, most income received is taxable. A taxpayer’s gross income includes income from work, investments, interest, pensions, as well as other sources. The income from all these sources is added together to arrive at the taxpayer’s gross income.
What’s not considered income? Gifts, inheritances, workers’ compensation benefits, welfare benefits, or cash rebates from a dealer or manufacturer.3
From gross income, adjustments are subtracted. These adjustments may include retirement plan contributions, half of self-employment, and other items.
The result is adjusted gross income.
From adjusted gross income, deductions are subtracted. With deductions, taxpayers have two choices: the standard deduction or itemized deductions. The standard deduction amount varies based on filing status, as shown on the chart below:
| Filing Status | Married (Filing Jointly) | Married (Filing Separately) | Single Filers | Head of Household |
| Standard Deductions Amount | $29,200 | $14,600 | $14,600 | $21,900 |
Itemized deductions can include state and local taxes, charitable contributions, the interest on a home mortgage, and certain unreimbursed job expenses, among other things. Keep in mind that there are limits on the amount of state and local taxes that can be deducted.4
Once deductions have been subtracted, the result is taxable income. Taxable income leads to gross tax liability.
But it’s not over yet.
Any tax credits are then subtracted from the gross tax liability. Taxpayers may receive credits for a variety of items, including energy-saving improvements.
The result is the taxpayer’s net tax.
Understanding how the tax process works is one thing. Doing the work is quite another. As always, please do not hesitate to reach out if you have questions about your situation, or anything else.
Sincerely,
Waypoint Capital Advisors
1. NTU.org, April 17, 2023
2. IRS.gov, 2024
3. The tax code allows an individual to gift up to $18,000 per person in 2024 without triggering any gift or estate taxes. An individual can give away up to $13,610,000 without owing any federal tax. Couples can leave up to $27,220,000 without owing any federal tax. Also, keep in mind that some states may have their own estate tax regulations. This material is not intended as tax or legal advice. Please consult a professional with tax or legal experience for specific information regarding your individual situation.4. The mortgage interest deduction is the first $750,000 of the loan for a home and the state and local income taxes deduction is capped at $10,000.
